Global Carbon Black Market 2025-2029

Description

List of Tables

The carbon black market is forecasted to grow by USD 4,768.9 mn during 2024-2029, accelerating at a CAGR of 4.5% during the forecast period. The report on the carbon black market provides a holistic analysis, market size and forecast, trends, growth drivers, and challenges, as well as vendor analysis covering around 25 vendors.

The report offers an up-to-date analysis regarding the current market scenario, the latest trends and drivers, and the overall market environment. The market is driven by increasing use of carbon black in end-user industries, rising demand for specialty carbon black, and increasing demand for carbon black in apac.

Market Scope
Base Year	2025
End Year	2029
Series Year	2025-2029
Growth Momentum	Accelerate
YOY 2025	4.2%
CAGR	4.5%
Incremental Value	$4,768.9 mn

The study was conducted using an objective combination of primary and secondary information including inputs from key participants in the industry. The report contains a comprehensive market size data, segment with regional analysis and vendor landscape in addition to an analysis of the key companies. Reports have historic and forecast data.

Technavio's carbon black market is segmented as below:

By End-user

Tires
Non-tires rubber
Non-rubber

By Grade Type

Specialty grade
Standard grade

By Type

Furnace black
Thermal black
Acetylene black
Channel black

By Geographical Landscape

APAC
Europe
North America
South America
Middle East and Africa

This study identifies the increasing demand for sustainable carbon black as one of the prime reasons driving the carbon black market growth during the next few years. Also, advancements in technology and shift toward electric vehicles will lead to sizable demand in the market.

The report on the carbon black market covers the following areas:

Carbon Black Market sizing
Carbon Black Market forecast
Carbon Black Market industry analysis

The robust vendor analysis is designed to help clients improve their market position, and in line with this, this report provides a detailed analysis of several leading carbon black market vendors that include Aditya Birla Management Corp. Pvt. Ltd., Bridgestone Corp., Cabot Corp., CSRC Investment Holdings Co. Ltd., Himadri Speciality Chemical Ltd., Imerys S.A., Kemipex, Longxing Chemical Industry Co. Ltd., Mitsubishi Chemical Corp., OCI Co. Ltd., Omsk Carbon Group, Orion Engineered Carbons SA, Phillips Carbon Black Ltd., Saudi Basic Industries Corp., The Dow Chemical Co., and Tokai Carbon Co. Ltd.. Also, the carbon black market analysis report includes information on upcoming trends and challenges that will influence market growth. This is to help companies strategize and leverage all forthcoming growth opportunities.

The publisher presents a detailed picture of the market by the way of study, synthesis, and summation of data from multiple sources by an analysis of key parameters such as profit, pricing, competition, and promotions. It presents various market facets by identifying the key industry influencers. The data presented is comprehensive, reliable, and a result of extensive primary and secondary research. The market research reports provide a complete competitive landscape and an in-depth vendor selection methodology and analysis using qualitative and quantitative research to forecast accurate market growth.

Product Code: IRTNTR70691

1 Executive Summary

1.1 Market overview
- Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
- Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
- Executive Summary - Chart on Global Market Characteristics
- Executive Summary - Chart on Market By Geographical Landscape
- Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by End-user
- Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Grade Type
- Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Type
- Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
- Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
- Executive Summary - Chart on Company Market Positioning

2 Technavio Analysis

2.1 Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
- Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
2.2 Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
- Overview on criticality of inputs and factors of differentiation
2.3 Factors of disruption
- Overview on factors of disruption
2.4 Impact of drivers and challenges
- Impact of drivers and challenges in 2024 and 2029

3 Market Landscape

3.1 Market ecosystem
- Parent Market
- Data Table on - Parent Market
3.2 Market characteristics
- Market characteristics analysis
3.3 Value chain analysis
- Value chain analysis

4 Market Sizing

4.1 Market definition
- Offerings of companies included in the market definition
4.2 Market segment analysis
- Market segments
4.3 Market size 2024
4.4 Market outlook: Forecast for 2024-2029
- Chart on Global - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Global - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)

5 Historic Market Size

5.1 Global Carbon Black Market 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Data Table on Global Carbon Black Market 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
5.2 End-user segment analysis 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - End-user Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
5.3 Grade Type segment analysis 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Grade Type Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
5.4 Type segment analysis 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Type Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
5.5 Geography segment analysis 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Geography Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
5.6 Country segment analysis 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Country Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)

6 Qualitative Analysis

6.1 Impact of AI in the Global Carbon Black Market

7 Five Forces Analysis

7.1 Five forces summary
- Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2024 and 2029
7.2 Bargaining power of buyers
- Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2024 and 2029
7.3 Bargaining power of suppliers
- Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
7.4 Threat of new entrants
- Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
7.5 Threat of substitutes
- Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
7.6 Threat of rivalry
- Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
7.7 Market condition
- Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2024 and 2029

8 Market Segmentation by End-user

8.1 Market segments
- Chart on End-user - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on End-user - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
8.2 Comparison by End-user
- Chart on Comparison by End-user
- Data Table on Comparison by End-user
8.3 Tires - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Tires - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Tires - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Tires - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Tires - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
8.4 Non-tires rubber - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Non-tires rubber - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Non-tires rubber - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Non-tires rubber - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Non-tires rubber - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
8.5 Non-rubber - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Non-rubber - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Non-rubber - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Non-rubber - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Non-rubber - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
8.6 Market opportunity by End-user
- Market opportunity by End-user ($ million)
- Data Table on Market opportunity by End-user ($ million)

9 Market Segmentation by Grade Type

9.1 Market segments
- Chart on Grade Type - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Grade Type - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
9.2 Comparison by Grade Type
- Chart on Comparison by Grade Type
- Data Table on Comparison by Grade Type
9.3 Specialty grade - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Specialty grade - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Specialty grade - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Specialty grade - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Specialty grade - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
9.4 Standard grade - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Standard grade - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Standard grade - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Standard grade - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Standard grade - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
9.5 Market opportunity by Grade Type
- Market opportunity by Grade Type ($ million)
- Data Table on Market opportunity by Grade Type ($ million)

10 Market Segmentation by Type

10.1 Market segments
- Chart on Type - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Type - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
10.2 Comparison by Type
- Chart on Comparison by Type
- Data Table on Comparison by Type
10.3 Furnace black - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Furnace black - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Furnace black - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Furnace black - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Furnace black - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
10.4 Thermal black - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Thermal black - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Thermal black - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Thermal black - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Thermal black - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
10.5 Acetylene black - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Acetylene black - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Acetylene black - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Acetylene black - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Acetylene black - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
10.6 Channel black - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Channel black - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Channel black - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Channel black - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Channel black - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
10.7 Market opportunity by Type
- Market opportunity by Type ($ million)
- Data Table on Market opportunity by Type ($ million)

11 Customer Landscape

11.1 Customer landscape overview
- Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria

12 Geographic Landscape

12.1 Geographic segmentation
- Chart on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2024-2029 (%)
12.2 Geographic comparison
- Chart on Geographic comparison
- Data Table on Geographic comparison
12.3 APAC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on APAC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on APAC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
12.4 Europe - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Europe - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Europe - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
12.5 North America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on North America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on North America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on North America - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on North America - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
12.6 South America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on South America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on South America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on South America - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on South America - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
12.7 Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
12.8 China - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on China - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on China - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on China - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on China - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
12.9 US - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on US - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on US - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on US - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on US - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
12.10 India - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on India - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on India - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on India - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on India - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
12.11 Brazil - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Brazil - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Brazil - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Brazil - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Brazil - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
12.12 Germany - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Germany - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Germany - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
12.13 Japan - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Japan - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Japan - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
12.14 France - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on France - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on France - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on France - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on France - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
12.15 South Korea - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on South Korea - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on South Korea - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on South Korea - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on South Korea - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
12.16 Canada - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Canada - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Canada - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
12.17 Italy - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Italy - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Italy - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Italy - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Italy - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
12.18 Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape
- Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ million)
- Data Tables on Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ million)
12.19 Rest of World (ROW) - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Rest of World (ROW) - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Rest of World (ROW) - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Rest of World (ROW) - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Rest of World (ROW) - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)

13 Drivers, Challenges, and Opportunity/Restraints

13.1 Market drivers
13.2 Market challenges
13.3 Impact of drivers and challenges
- Impact of drivers and challenges in 2024 and 2029
13.4 Market opportunities/restraints

14 Competitive Landscape

14.1 Overview
14.2 Competitive Landscape
- Overview on criticality of inputs and factors of differentiation
14.3 Landscape disruption
- Overview on factors of disruption
14.4 Industry risks
- Impact of key risks on business

15 Competitive Analysis

15.1 Companies profiled
- Companies covered
15.2 Market positioning of companies
- Matrix on companies position and classification
15.3 Aditya Birla Management Corp. Pvt. Ltd.
- Aditya Birla Management Corp. Pvt. Ltd. - Overview
- Aditya Birla Management Corp. Pvt. Ltd. - Product / Service
- Aditya Birla Management Corp. Pvt. Ltd. - Key offerings
15.4 Bridgestone Corp.
- Bridgestone Corp. - Overview
- Bridgestone Corp. - Product / Service
- Bridgestone Corp. - Key offerings
15.5 Cabot Corp.
- Cabot Corp. - Overview
- Cabot Corp. - Product / Service
- Cabot Corp. - Key offerings
15.6 CSRC Investment Holdings Co. Ltd.
- CSRC Investment Holdings Co. Ltd. - Overview
- CSRC Investment Holdings Co. Ltd. - Product / Service
- CSRC Investment Holdings Co. Ltd. - Key offerings
15.7 Himadri Speciality Chemical Ltd.
- Himadri Speciality Chemical Ltd. - Overview
- Himadri Speciality Chemical Ltd. - Product / Service
- Himadri Speciality Chemical Ltd. - Key offerings
15.8 Imerys S.A.
- Imerys S.A. - Overview
- Imerys S.A. - Product / Service
- Imerys S.A. - Key offerings
15.9 Kemipex
- Kemipex - Overview
- Kemipex - Product / Service
- Kemipex - Key offerings
15.10 Longxing Chemical Industry Co. Ltd.
- Longxing Chemical Industry Co. Ltd. - Overview
- Longxing Chemical Industry Co. Ltd. - Product / Service
- Longxing Chemical Industry Co. Ltd. - Key offerings
15.11 Mitsubishi Chemical Corp.
- Mitsubishi Chemical Corp. - Overview
- Mitsubishi Chemical Corp. - Product / Service
- Mitsubishi Chemical Corp. - Key offerings
15.12 OCI Co. Ltd.
- OCI Co. Ltd. - Overview
- OCI Co. Ltd. - Product / Service
- OCI Co. Ltd. - Key offerings
15.13 Omsk Carbon Group
- Omsk Carbon Group - Overview
- Omsk Carbon Group - Product / Service
- Omsk Carbon Group - Key offerings
15.14 Orion Engineered Carbons SA
- Orion Engineered Carbons SA - Overview
- Orion Engineered Carbons SA - Product / Service
- Orion Engineered Carbons SA - Key offerings
15.15 Phillips Carbon Black Ltd.
- Phillips Carbon Black Ltd. - Overview
- Phillips Carbon Black Ltd. - Product / Service
- Phillips Carbon Black Ltd. - Key offerings
15.16 Saudi Basic Industries Corp.
- Saudi Basic Industries Corp. - Overview
- Saudi Basic Industries Corp. - Product / Service
- Saudi Basic Industries Corp. - Key offerings
15.17 The Dow Chemical Co.
- The Dow Chemical Co. - Overview
- The Dow Chemical Co. - Product / Service
- The Dow Chemical Co. - Key offerings
15.18 Tokai Carbon Co. Ltd.
- Tokai Carbon Co. Ltd. - Overview
- Tokai Carbon Co. Ltd. - Product / Service
- Tokai Carbon Co. Ltd. - Key offerings
15.19 Abu Dhabi National Oil Co.
- Abu Dhabi National Oil Co. - Overview
- Abu Dhabi National Oil Co. - Product / Service
- Abu Dhabi National Oil Co. - Key offerings
15.20 Aditya Birla Management Corp. Pvt. Ltd.
- Aditya Birla Management Corp. Pvt. Ltd. - Overview
- Aditya Birla Management Corp. Pvt. Ltd. - Product / Service
- Aditya Birla Management Corp. Pvt. Ltd. - Key offerings
15.21 Bridgestone Corp.
- Bridgestone Corp. - Overview
- Bridgestone Corp. - Product / Service
- Bridgestone Corp. - Key offerings
15.22 Cabot Corp.
- Cabot Corp. - Overview
- Cabot Corp. - Product / Service
- Cabot Corp. - Key offerings
15.23 CSRC Investment Holdings Co. Ltd.
- CSRC Investment Holdings Co. Ltd. - Overview
- CSRC Investment Holdings Co. Ltd. - Product / Service
- CSRC Investment Holdings Co. Ltd. - Key offerings
15.24 DCL Corp.
- DCL Corp. - Overview
- DCL Corp. - Product / Service
- DCL Corp. - Key offerings
15.25 Dow Chemical Co.
- Dow Chemical Co. - Overview
- Dow Chemical Co. - Product / Service
- Dow Chemical Co. - Key offerings
15.26 Himadri Speciality Chemical Ltd.
- Himadri Speciality Chemical Ltd. - Overview
- Himadri Speciality Chemical Ltd. - Product / Service
- Himadri Speciality Chemical Ltd. - Key offerings
15.27 Imerys S.A.
- Imerys S.A. - Overview
- Imerys S.A. - Product / Service
- Imerys S.A. - Key offerings
15.28 Kemipex
- Kemipex - Overview
- Kemipex - Product / Service
- Kemipex - Key offerings
15.29 Longxing Chemical Industry Co. Ltd.
- Longxing Chemical Industry Co. Ltd. - Overview
- Longxing Chemical Industry Co. Ltd. - Product / Service
- Longxing Chemical Industry Co. Ltd. - Key offerings
15.30 Mitsubishi Chemical Corp.
- Mitsubishi Chemical Corp. - Overview
- Mitsubishi Chemical Corp. - Product / Service
- Mitsubishi Chemical Corp. - Key offerings
15.31 Nippon Steel Corp.
- Nippon Steel Corp. - Overview
- Nippon Steel Corp. - Product / Service
- Nippon Steel Corp. - Key offerings
15.32 Nouryon Chemicals Holding BV
- Nouryon Chemicals Holding BV - Overview
- Nouryon Chemicals Holding BV - Product / Service
- Nouryon Chemicals Holding BV - Key offerings
15.33 OCI Co. Ltd.
- OCI Co. Ltd. - Overview
- OCI Co. Ltd. - Product / Service
- OCI Co. Ltd. - Key offerings
15.34 Omsk Carbon Group
- Omsk Carbon Group - Overview
- Omsk Carbon Group - Product / Service
- Omsk Carbon Group - Key offerings
15.35 Orion Engineered Carbons SA
- Orion Engineered Carbons SA - Overview
- Orion Engineered Carbons SA - Product / Service
- Orion Engineered Carbons SA - Key offerings
15.36 Phillips Carbon Black Ltd.
- Phillips Carbon Black Ltd. - Overview
- Phillips Carbon Black Ltd. - Product / Service
- Phillips Carbon Black Ltd. - Key offerings
15.37 Saudi Basic Industries Corp.
- Saudi Basic Industries Corp. - Overview
- Saudi Basic Industries Corp. - Product / Service
- Saudi Basic Industries Corp. - Key offerings
15.38 Tokai Carbon Co. Ltd.
- Tokai Carbon Co. Ltd. - Overview
- Tokai Carbon Co. Ltd. - Product / Service
- Tokai Carbon Co. Ltd. - Key offerings

16 Appendix

16.1 Scope of the report
16.2 Inclusions and exclusions checklist
- Inclusions checklist
- Exclusions checklist
16.3 Currency conversion rates for US$
- Currency conversion rates for US$
16.4 Research methodology
- Research methodology
16.5 Data procurement
- Information sources
16.6 Data validation
- Data validation
16.7 Validation techniques employed for market sizing
- Validation techniques employed for market sizing
16.8 Data synthesis
- Data synthesis
16.9 360 degree market analysis
- 360 degree market analysis
16.10 List of abbreviations
- List of abbreviations